Quercus × mannifera Lindl.

East Turquey to North Iran; 700-2000 m;

shrub (2-6 m ); crown fastigiate; very branched;

10-19 cm long, 4-9 cm wide; deciduous; thick; oval-oblong; both sides glabrous, dull grey-green above, yellowish green beneath; base truncate or slightly cordate, often asymmetrically; margin with 5-9 pairs of lobes with narrow sinuses; some stellate hairs near axils at the base; 7-8 vein pairs; few intercalary veins, near the foliar base; petiole 2.5-3.5 cm, hairless;

cylindrical acorn, 2-3 cm long; peduncle absent or to 2 cm; flat cupule 2 cm in diameter, thick-walled; scales appressed, brown, subacute, oval, grey tomentose; maturing in 1 year;

hardy; good on silicious soils;

– N° 158 in A.Camus; – Sub-genus Quercus, Section Quercus, Series Roburoid; – The specific name is based on the presence on the leaves of a sugary substance, “manna”, produced by action of aphids. – This taxon had often been, in the past, considered as a hybrid, mostly with Q. boissieri and Q. iberica , but recent works ( M. Avishai ) enabled to clarify its taxonomical rank.